Packages in python7/12/2023 As a result, any time a function in one module references a type from another module, I like to include that type hint. What happens when using mutual or circular (cyclic) imports in Python?įor me, I’m a big fan of type hints.Why do circular imports seemingly work further up in the call stack but then raise an ImportError further down?.For instance, it’s common for circular import errors to occur: As anyone who has tried to make a Python package knows, challenges arise when you split your package into multiple files (i.e., multiple modules). I didn’t want that, so I opted for a design that follows MVC (i.e., model-view-controller).īecause MVC design focuses on the separation of code structures, you end up with several files. It seems that a lot of folks who use PyGame to make games in Python merge all of there data and game code in one place. The project that officially got me to understand the module system in Python was a little 2D game that I’m still fleshing out called Mage Game. As a result, I figured I’d spend some time today talking about the things I’ve learned about the package system and how you can have ease of mind as well. That said, it wasn’t until very recently that I was able to put together a complex package with multiple levels of nesting. As you may know, I maintain a variety of Python packages that you can install casually using pip:īecause of the work I put in to make those packages easy to use, you might not know how much trouble I had along the way. One of those fundamentals is Python’s package and module system which has given me headaches for the last 5 years. As a result, there are a few fundamentals that I’m still uncomfortable with to this day. Despite having been formally taught Java, I would consider myself fully self-taught as far as Python is concerned. As many folks in the community know, I started using Python in 2017.
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